Scie-Plas Vertical Gel Electrophoresis Units
The Scie-Plas 'TV Range' vertical gel electrophoresis units offer the ultimate standards in innovative design and manufacture. They are available in 5 different plate sizes for applications ranging from routine SDS-PAGE mini-gels to large format nucleic acid sequencing and single strand conformational polymorphism studies (SSCP). As with the ' Green Range' horizontal gel units, each 'TV Range' vertical gel electrophoresis unitScie-Plas Vertical Gel Electrophoresis Units
incorporates the many design and safety features recommended to Scie-Plas over the years by scientists. Accordingly, each unit is manufactured and finished to the highest specification, is versatile, easy to use and fully compliant with European safety regulations.
Benefits include:
- Robust acrylic tank construction
- Safety lid with integral power leads
- Shrouded 4 and 2mm power output connectors universally compatible with modern day low, medium and high voltage power supplies
- Long-life, 99.99% pure platinum electrodes
- Gold-plated terminals with corrosion-free stainless steel washers
- Offset asymmetric electrodes
- A versatile, time-saving gel-running module (GRM) which supports both gel casting and electrophoresis
- Durable high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and melinex combs which are colour-coded, corresponding to 0.25, 0.35, 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2mm thicknesses
- Electroblotting and 2-D capillary gel modules available for use within the same tank either as part of a fully integrated system or as a stand-alone unit (TV100, 200 & 400 units only)
The 'TV Range' vertical gel electrophoresis units are available in 7 different formats: -
Format Options available Recommended Applications*
|
|
Standard i.e. no casting or cooling |
Casting only |
Cooling only |
Cooling & casting |
PAGE |
Electro-blotting |
2-D capillary |
DNA sequencing |
SSCP hetero-duplex & oligo analysis |
|
TV50 single plate, 10 x 10cm. |
See TV50 |
X |
X |
X |
Yes |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
TV100 twin plate, 10 x 10cm. |
See TV100 |
TV100Y |
TV100K |
TV100YK |
TV100, TV100Y, TV100K, TV100YK |
TV100YK-EBSYS, TV100YK-MODSYS |
TV100YK-2DSYS, TV100YK-MODSYS |
X |
X |
|
TV200 twin plate, 20.5 x 10cm. |
See TV200 |
TV200Y |
TV200K |
TV200YK |
TV200, TV200Y, TV200K, TV200YK |
TV200YK-EBSYS, TV200YK-MODSYS |
TV200YK-2DSYS, TV200YK-MODSYS |
X |
X |
|
TV300 single plate, 20.5 x 20cm. |
See TV300 |
X |
X |
X |
Yes |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
TV400 twin plate, 20.5 x 20cm. |
See TV400 |
TV400Y |
TV400K |
TV400YK |
TV400, TV400Y, TV400K, TV400YK |
TV400YK-EBSYS, TV400YK-MODSYS |
TV400YK-2DSYS, TV400YK-MODSYS |
X |
X See TV400-dgge |
|
TVS1000 single plate 20 x 50cm. |
See TVS1000 |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Yes TVS1000 |
Yes TVS1000 |
|
TVS1400 single plate 33 x 41cm. |
See TVS1400 |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Yes TVS1400 |
Yes TVS1400 |
* Where the TV100YK-EBSYS, TV200YK-EBSYS & TV400YK-EBSYS units include PAGE (GRM) and electroblotting (EBGRM) gel-running plus casting and cooling
The TV100YK-2DSYS, TV200YK-2DSYS & TV400YK-2DSYS units include PAGE and 2-D capillary gel-running modules (CAPGRM) plus casting and cooling
The TV100YK-MODSYS, TV200YK-MODSYS & TV400YK-MODSYS units include PAGE, electroblotting and 2-D capillary gel-running modules plus casting and cooling
TV50 single-plate 10 x 10cm (W x H) mini-gel unit

The TV50 single-plate 10 x 10cm (W x H) mini-gel unit is a good, cost-effective, non-cooled option for routine, low throughput separation of proteins and nucleic acids in self-cast or commercially available pre-cast gels.
Benefits include:
- Gel casting - TV100-MC2 and TV100-MC10 2 and 10 gel multicasters
- Compatible - with standard, 10 x 10cm (W x H) commercially available precast gels
- Optional TV100-SGB silicone gasket - allows the GRM to be adapted for the 'non-eared' or short glass plates of major competitor brands
- Float glass plates - 2mm thick - guarantee uniform gel thickness and even sample migration, and with ground edges to inhibit sample leakage during casting
- Single screws - for fast electrophoresis set-up
- Low buffer volumes - within the inner chamber of the GRM and bottom reservoir economises buffer consumption (recommended 50ml. inner buffer chamber volume and 250ml. lower buffer chamber volume)
- Ventilation holes - prevent the build-up of condensation during electrophoresis
- Colour-coded combs and spacers - available in 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2mm thicknesses
- Small footprint area - occupies minimal bench space
Ordering information:
|
TV50 |
Single-plate mini-gel unit with GRM and integral lower buffer chamber, lid, 2 x (10 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates 2 x 1mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners, 2 x (10 x 10cm) notched glass plates and 1 x 1mm thick 12-sample comb |
Contact Progen Scientific for all accessories or copy of catalogue
TV300 single-plate 20.5 x 20cm (W x H) maxi-gel unit

The TV300 single-plate 20.5 x 20cm (W x H) maxi-gel unit is of a similar design to its TV50 counterpart, but its larger active gel dimensions of 16.5 x 20cm allow more samples to be separated over a longer distance.
Benefits include:
- Single-plate 20.5 x 20cm maxi-gel unit - a simple, non-cooled cost-effective solution for long distance, higher throughput PAGE techniques
- Long format - 17.5cm active gel length provides the longer separation distance needed for gradient gels and other specialist electrophoresis techniques
- Gel casting - either with tape or the optional TV400-MC2 and TV400-MC10 2 and 10 gel multicasters
- Compatible - with 20.5 x 20cm (W x H) self-cast gels
- Float glass plates - 4mm thick - guarantee uniform gel thickness and even sample migration, and with ground edges to inhibit sample leakage during casting
- Three screws per gel clamp - apply an even pressure along the height of the gel, ensuring uniform separation
- Low buffer volumes - within the inner chamber of the GRM and bottom reservoir economises buffer consumption (recommended 250ml. inner buffer chamber volume and 450ml. lower buffer chamber volume)
- Ventilation holes - prevent the build-up of condensation during electrophoresis
- Colour-coded combs and spacers - available in 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2mm thicknesses
- Smaller footprint area - occupies minimal bench space
Ordering information:
|
TV300 |
Single-plate mini-gel unit with GRM and integral lower buffer chamber, lid, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 2 x 1mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm) notched glass plates and 1 x 1mm thick 24-sample comb |
Contact Progen Scientific for all accessories or copy of catalogue
TV100 Standard and TV100K Cooled twin-plate 10 x 10cm (W x H) mini-gel units

The TV100 Standard and TV100K Cooled twin-plate 10 x 10cm (W x H) mini-gel units are, historically, the best selling vertical gel electrophoresis units which are designed for all standard polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) applications. This unit is ideal for use with commercially available pr-cast gels or gels cast using the new-style GRM and cam-pin casting base. Here, gel cassettes are placed within the GRM and then pulled tightly onto silicone seals by cam pins located in the casting base. Glass plate stops situated within the GRM immediately above the glass plates serve as an immovable barrier, locking the plates firmly into position on the casting base as the cam pins are turned clockwise through 120°. The gel can then be poured in total confidence that it will be leak-free. Each TV100 unit is also available as a cooled tank option, and can be adapted, either as a stand-alone unit or as part of a fully integrated system, with specific modules for electroblotting and 2-D electrophoresis.

Benefits include:
- Twin-plate 10 x 10cm mini-gel unit - a simple cost-effective solution for PAGE techniques using either self-cast or pre-cast gels
- Two versions available: - Standard TV100 - non-cooled; Cooled TV100K - a cooling coil in the bottom of the gel tank for faster higher voltage electrophoretic separations
- Enhanced cooling - in the TV100K - snap-lock connectors allow the TV100K to be connected to the JULABO chiller unit
- Compatible - with commercially available 10 x 10cm precast gels
- SERVA precast gels - available especially for the TV100-GRM
- Optional TV100-SGB silicone gasket - allows the GRM to be adapted for the 'non-eared' or short glass plates of major alternative brands
- Gel casting - either with tape or the optional TV100-CB casting base or TV100-MC2 and TV100-MC10 2 and 10 gel multicasters
- Float glass plates - 2mm thick - guarantee uniform gel thickness and even sample migration, and with ground edges to inhibit sample leakage during casting
- Single screws - at either side each gel clamping plate - act in conjunction with a counter balanced, dovetailed silicone gasket to disperse pressure evenly along the height and breadth of the gel as the screws are tightened
- Low buffer volumes - within the inner chamber of the GRM and gel tank economises buffer consumption (recommended 90ml. inner buffer chamber volume and 1200ml. for TV100 gel tank volume and 1600ml. for TV100K gel tank volume)
- Colour-coded combs and spacers - available in 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2mm thicknesses
- Smaller footprint area - occupies minimal bench space
Ordering information:
|
TV100 |
Twin-plate mini-gel unit with GRM and gel tank, lid, 2 x (10 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 4 x 1mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners, 2 x (10 x 10cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate and 2 x 1mm thick 12-sample combs |
|
TV100K |
Twin-plate mini-gel unit with GRM and cooled gel tank, with built-in cooling coil and quick-fit tubing, plus lid, 2 x (10 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 4 x 1mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners, 2 x (10 x 10cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate and 2 x 1mm thick 12-sample combs |
Contact Progen Scientific for all accessories or copy of catalogue
TV100Y Standard and TV100YK Cooled twin-plate 10 x 10cm. (W x H) mini-gel units

The TV100Y Standard and TV100YK Cooled twin-plate 10 x 10cm. (W x H) mini-gel units are ideal for standard PAGE applications requiring self-cast gels. Soft silicone gaskets in a precision engineered casting assembly base, included as standard with each unit, act in tandem with the newly modified GRM to provide simple, leak-free gel casting and assembly.

Benefits include:
- Twin-plate 10 x 10cm mini-gel unit - designed specifically for PAGE techniques requiring self-cast gels, although pre-cast gels may also be used
- Casting base - included as standard with both units
- Two versions available: - Standard TV100Y - non-cooled + casting; Cooled TV100YK - cooled + casting
- Glass plate stops - within the newly modified GRM - lock the glass plates firmly into position onto soft silicone gaskets in the casting base to ensure leak-free gel casting
- Enhanced cooling - in the TV100YK - snaplock connectors allow the cooling coil to be connected to the JULABO chiller unit for faster, higher voltage separations
- Compatible - with commercially available 10 x 10cm precast gels, with SERVA pre-cast gels available for the TV100-GRM
- Additional gel casting - with the optional TV100-MC2 and TV100-MC10 2 and 10 gel multicasters
- Float glass plates - 2mm thick - guarantee uniform gel thickness and even sample migration, and with ground edges to inhibit sample leakage during casting
- Single screws - at either side each gel clamping plate - act in conjunction with a counterbalanced, dovetailed silicone gasket to disperse pressure evenly along the height and breadth of the gel as the screws are tightened
- Low buffer volumes - within the inner chamber of the GRM and gel tank economises buffer consumption (recommended 90ml. inner buffer chamber volume and 1200ml. for TV100Y gel tank volume and 1600ml. for TV100YK gel tank volume)
- Colour-coded combs and spacers - available in 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2mm thicknesses
- Smaller footprint area - occupies minimal bench space
Ordering information:
|
TV100Y |
Twin-plate mini-gel unit with GRM and gel tank, lid, 2 x (10 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 4 x 1mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners, 2 x (10 x 10cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate and 2 x 1mm thick 12-sample combs plus casting base and 2 x silicone seals |
|
TV100YK |
Twin-plate mini-gel unit with GRM and cooled gel tank, with built-in cooling coil and quick-fit tubing, plus lid, 2 x (10 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 4 x 1mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners, 2 x (10 x 10cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 2 x 1mm thick 12-sample combs, casting base and 2 x silicone seals |
Contact Progen Scientific for all accessories or copy of catalogue
TV200 Standard and TV200K Cooled twin-plate 20.5 x 10cm (W x H) wide format mini-gel units

The TV200 Standard and TV200K Cooled twin-plate 20.5 x 10cm (W x H) wide format mini-gel units allow more samples to be run within the same gel, eliminating the problems that can be associated with comparing samples from 2 separate tape-cast mini-gels.

Benefits include:
- Twin-plate 20.5 x 10cm (W x H) wide format mini-gel unit - designed specifically for PAGE techniques requiring self-cast gels
- Wide format - 20.5cm gel width effectively allows 2 mini-gels to be run within the same gel
- Two versions available: - Standard TV200 - non-cooled; Cooled TV200K - includes a cooling coil in the bottom of the gel tank
- Glass plate stops - within the newly modified GRM - lock the glass plates firmly into position onto soft silicone gaskets in the casting base to ensure leak-free gel -casting
- Enhanced cooling - in the TV200K - snap-lock connectors allow the cooling coil within TV200K to be connected to the JULABO chiller unit for faster, higher voltage separations
- Additional gel casting - with the optional TV400-CB cam-pin casting base or TV400-MC2 and TV400-MC10 2 and 10 gel multicasters
- Float glass plates - 4mm thick - guarantee uniform gel thickness and even sample migration, and with ground edges to inhibit sample leakage durin casting
- Twin screws - on each gel-clamp - act in conjunction with a counterbalanced, dovetailed silicone gasket to disperse pressure evenly along the height and breadth of the gel as the screws are tightened
- Colour-coded combs and spacers - available in 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2mm thicknesses
- Recommended buffer volumes - 30 0ml. inner buffer chamber volume and2800ml. for TV200 gel tank volume and 3800ml. for TV200K gel tank volume
Ordering information:
|
TV200 |
Twin-plate wide format mini-gel unit with GRM and gel tank, lid, 2 x (20.5 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 4 x 1mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners, 2 x (20.5 x 10cm) notched glass plates 1 x dummy plate and 2 x 1mm thick 24-sample combs |
|
TV200K |
Twin-plate wide format mini-gel unit with GRM and cooled gel tank, with built-in cooling coil and quick-fit tubing, plus lid, 2 x (20.5 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 4 x 1mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners, 2 x (20.5 x 10cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate and 2 x 1mm thick 24-sample combs |
Contact Progen Scientific for all accessories or copy of catalogue
TV200Y Standard and TV200YK Cooled twin-plate 20.5 x 10cm (W x H) wide format mini-gel units

The TV200Y Standard and TV200YK Cooled twin-plate 20.5 x 10cm (W x H) wide format mini-gel units allow more samples to be run within the same gel, eliminating the problems that can be associated with comparing samples from 2 separate tape-cast mini-gels. Both units include, as standard, a precision engineered casting base. which acts in conjunction with the recently modified TV200-GRM to provide simple, leak-free casting.

Benefits include:
- Twin-plate 20.5 x 10cm (W x H) wide format mini-gel unit - designed specifically for PAGE techniques requiring self-cast gels
- Wide format - 20.5cm gel width effectively allows 2 mini-gels to be run within the same gel
- Casting base - included as standard with both units
- Two versions available: - Standard TV200Y - non-cooled + casting; Cooled TV200YK - cooled + casting
- Glass plate stops - within the newly modified GRM - lock the glass plates firmly into position onto soft silicone gaskets in the casting base to ensure leak-free gel casting
- Enhanced cooling - in the TV200YK - snap-lock connectors allow the cooling coil within TV200YK to be connected to the JULABO chiller unit for faster, higher voltage separations
- Additional gel casting - with the optional TV400-MC2 and TV400-MC10 2 and 10 gel multicasters
- Float glass plates - 4mm thick - guarantee uniform gel thickness and even sample migration, and with ground edges to inhibit sample leakage during casting
- Twin screws - on each gel-clamp - act in conjunction with a counterbalanced, dovetailed silicone gasket to disperse pressure evenly along the height and breadth of the gel as the screws are tightened
- Colour-coded combs and spacers - available in 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2mm thicknesses
- Recommended buffer volumes - 30 0ml. inner buffer chamber volume and2800ml. for TV200Y gel tank volume and 3800ml. for TV200YK gel tank volume
Ordering information:
|
TV200Y |
Twin-plate wide format mini-gel unit with GRM and gel tank, lid, 2 x (20.5 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 4 x 1mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners, 2 x (20.5 x 10cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 2 x 1mm thick 24-sample combs, casting base and 2 x silicone seals |
|
TV200YK |
Twin-plate wide format mini-gel unit with GRM and cooled gel tank, with built-in cooling coil and quick-fit tubing, plus lid, 2 x (20.5 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 4 x 1mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners, 2 x (20.5 x 10cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 2 x 1mm thick 24-sample combs, casting base and 2 x silicone seals |
Contact Progen Scientific for all accessories or copy of catalogue
TV400 Standard and TV400K twin-plate 20.5 x 20cm (W x H) maxi-gel units

The TV400 Standard and TV400K twin-plate 20.5 x 20cm (W x H) maxi-gel units offers all the benefits of the TV100 and TV200 units, but in a much larger gel size and with greater sample throughput. A cooling coil within the TV400K gel tank allows faster separations to be performed at high voltage without compromising resolution.

Benefits include:
- Twin-plate 20.5 x 20cm maxi-gel unit - designed specifically for higher resolution PAGE techniques requiring self-cast gels
- Large format - 20.5 x 20cm glass plate dimensions are ideal for running higher percentage polyacrylamide gels to resolve smaller proteins of similar MW
- Two versions available: - Standard TV400 - non-cooled; Cooled TV400K - includes a cooling coil in the bottom of the gel tank
- Enhanced cooling - in the TV400YK - snap-lock connectors allow the coolin coi within TV400YK to be connected to the JULABO chiller unit for faster, higher voltage separations
- Additional gel casting - with the optional TV400-CB cam-pin casting base or TV400-MC2 and TV400-MC10 2 and 10 gel multicasters
- Float glass plates - 4mm thick guarantee uniform gel thickness and even sample migration, and with ground edges to inhibit sample leakage durin casting
- Triple screws - on each gel-clamp - act in conjunction with a counterbalanced, dovetailed silicone gasket to disperse pressure evenly along the height and breadth of the gel as the screws are tightened
- Colour-coded combs and spacers - available in 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2mm thicknesses
- Recommended buffer volumes - 7 0 0ml. inner buffer chamber volume and 4200ml. for gel tank volume
Ordering information:
|
TV400 |
Twin-plate wide format mini-gel unit with GRM and gel tank, lid, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 4 x 1mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate and 2 x 1mm thick 24-sample combs |
|
TV400K |
Twin-plate wide format mini-gel unit with GRM and cooled gel tank, with built-in cooling coil and quick-fit tubing, plus lid, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 4 x 1mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate and 2 x 1mm thick 24-sample combs |
Contact Progen Scientific for all accessories or copy of catalogue
TV400Y Standard and TV400YK Cooled twin-plate 20.5 x 20cm (W x H)

The TV400Y Standard and TV400YK Cooled twin-plate 20.5 x 20cm (W x H) maxi-gel units offer all the benefits of the TV100 and TV200 units, but in a much larger gel size and with increased sample throughput. Both units include, as standard, a precision engineered casting base. which acts in conjunction with the recently modified TV400-GRM to provide simple, leak-free casting.

Benefits include:
- Twin-plate 20.5 x 20cm maxi-gel unit - designed specifically for higher resolution PAGE techniques requiring self-cast gels
- Large format - 20.5 x 20cm glass plate dimensions are ideal for running higher percentage polyacrylamide gels to resolve smaller proteins of similar molecula weight
- Casting base - included as standard with both units
- Two versions available: - Standard TV400Y - non-cooled + casting; Cooled TV400YK - cooled + casting
- Glass plate stops - within the newly modified GRM - lock the glass plates firmly into position onto soft silicone gaskets in the casting base to ensure leak-free gel casting
- Enhanced cooling - in the TV400YK - snap-lock connectors allow the cooling coil within TV400YK to be connected to the JULABO chiller unit for faster, higher voltage separations
- Additional gel casting - with the optiona TV400-MC2 and TV400-MC10 2 and 10 gel multicasters
- Float glass plates - 4mm thick guarantee uniform gel thickness and even sample migration, and with ground edges to inhibit sample leakage during casting
- Triple screws - on each gel-clamp - act in conjunction with a counterbalanced, dovetailed silicone gasket to disperse pressure evenly along the height and breadth of the gel as the screws are tightened
- Colour-coded combs and spacers - available in 0.75, 1, 1.5 and 2mm thicknesses
- Recommended buffer volumes - 7 0 0ml. inner buffer chamber volume and 4200ml. for gel tank volume
Ordering information:
|
TV400Y |
Twin-plate wide format mini-gel unit with GRM and gel tank, lid, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 4 x 1mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners 2 x (20.5 x 20cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 2 x 1mm thick 24-sample combs, casting base and 2 x silicone seals |
|
TV400YK |
Twin-plate wide format mini-gel unit with GRM and cooled gel tank, with built-in cooling coil and quick-fit tubing, plus lid, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 4 x 1mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 2 x 1mm thick 24-sample combs, casting base and 2 x silicone seals |
Contact Progen Scientific for all accessories or copy of catalogue
TVS1000 single-plate 20.5 x 50cm (W x H) and TVS1400 single-plate 33 x 41cm (W x H) large format vertical gel units

The TVS1000 single-plate 20.5 x 50cm (W x H) and TVS1400 single-plate 33 x 41cm (W x H) large format vertical gel units are ideal for high-resolution techniques, such as DNA sequencing, SSCP, heteroduplex and oligonucleotide analysis, requiring long distance separations.
Benefits include:
- Safety lid - although light weight and easily detachable, the lid can not be removed during electrophoresis without breaking the electrical circuit
- Ventilation grille - aids heat dispersal during electrophoresis and can be replaced by the optional thermostatic fan
- igh voltage power cables - oriented asymmetrically for correct polar orientation - with 2mm shrouded output connectors that are universally compatible with modern high voltage power supplies
- Safety handles - complimented by a new streamlined and light weight design - allow easy transportation around the lab
- Spring-loaded plate clamps - act in conjunction with counterbalanced silicone gaskets to maintain uniform gel thickness and even distribution of pressure across the 4mm thick float glass plates
- Aluminium back plate - serves as a heat sink to prevent sample distortion and 'smiling'
- Lower buffer chamber - clips directly onto the anode and can also be used to drain buffer from the upper chamber
- Optional FHS-KIT - an adjustable, thermostatically controlled fan kit powered independently to maintain gel temperature
- Melinex combs and spacers - 0.25 and 0.35mm thick - precision machined for maximum loading accuracy and optimum band resolution
- Recommended buffer volumes - TVS1000 - 75 0ml. upper buffer chamber volume and 750ml. for lower buffer chamber volume; TVS1400 - 1200ml. upper buffer chamber volume and 1200ml. for lower buffer chamber volume
- Drainage tap - allows the upper buffer chamber to be emptied safely and easily
Ordering information:
|
TVS1000 |
Single-plate vertical gel electrophoresis unit with integral GRM and aluminium back plate; upper and lower buffer chambers; lid, 2 x (20 x 50cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 2 x (20 x 50cm) notched glass plates, 2 x 0.35mm melinex spacers and 1 x 0.35mm thick 48-sample shark's tooth melinex comb |
|
TVS1400 |
Single-plate vertical gel electrophoresis unit with integral GRM and aluminium back plate; upper and lower buffer chambers; lid, 2 x (33 x 41cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 2 x (33 x 41cm) notched glass plates, 2 x 0.35mm melinex spacers and 1 x 0.35mm thick 48-sample shark's tooth melinex comb T |
Contact Progen Scientific for all accessories or copy of catalogue
TV Complete Modular Systems

The TV complete modular systems provide a fully integrated solution within one gel tank for both two dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis and electroblotting. These systems are available in existing TV100, TV200 and TV400 formats and comprise individual gel-running modules designed specifically for denaturing or native PAGE (GRM), capillary gel isoelectric focusing (CAPGRM) and electroblotting (EBGRM). Following 2-D
electrophoresis, the EBGRM can be used to transfer second dimension SDS-PAGE gels for further analysis by western blotting, providing enhanced sensitivity.
Benefits include:
- Comprises - one standard GRM, one CAPGRM and one EBGRM, which are interchangeable within the same gel tank, allowing the user to perform PAGE, IEF and electroblotting either independently or as part of a fully integrated system
- CAPGRM - for first dimension electrophoresis of up to 10 ampholyte capillary gels, a maximum 8 or 17cm in length and 1 or 4mm in internal diameter
- Twin-plate standard GRM - designed specifically for SDS-PAGE techniques requiring self-cast gels, although commercially available 10 x 10cm pre-cast gels may be used in the TV100-GRM
- Twin-cassette EBGRM - allows simultaneous transfer of 2 polyacrylamide gels in colour-code electroblotting cassettes, while plate electrode only 6cm apart maximise the intensity of the electric field
- Casting base and cooling - included as standard - act in tandem with glass plate stops within the GRM to lock the plates firmly in position on the casting base, whereas snap-lock connectors allow the cooling coil within the tank t be connected to the JULABO chiller unit for high voltage/current separations
- Colour-coded combs and spacers - available in 1 and 1.5mm thicknesses
- Nitrocellulose and PVDF membrane available plus SERVA 10 x 10cmprecast gels, ampholytes, 2-D and PAGE chemicals
Ordering information:
|
TV100YK- MODSYS |
Twin-plate mini-gel unit with GRM and cooled gel tank, with built-in cooling coil and quick-fit tubing, lid, 2 x (10 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 2 x (10 x 10cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 4 x 1mm thick spacers, 2 x spacer aligners and 2 x 1mm thick 12-sample combs, casting base and 2 x silicone seals; CAPGRM, 10 x 1mm glass capillaries, 4 x 1.5mm thick spacers, 2 x 1.5mm thick 1-D preparatory combs, 10 x blanking ports and 1 x gel extraction platform; plus EBGRM, 2 x electroblotting cassettes and 4 x fibre pads |
|
TV200YK- MODSYS |
Twin-plate wide format mini-gel unit with GRM and cooled gel tank, with built-in cooling coil and quick-fit tubing, lid, 2 x (20.5 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 2 x (20.5 x 10cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 4 x 1mm thick spacers, 2 x spacer aligners and 2 x 1mm thick 24-sample combs, casting base and 2 x silicone seals; CAPGRM, 10 x 1mm glass capillaries, 4 x 1.5mm spacers, 2 x 1.5mm thick 1-D preparatory combs, 10 x blanking ports and 1 x gel extraction platform; plus EBGRM, 2 x electroblotting cassettes and 4 x fibre pads |
|
TV400YK- MODSYS |
Twin-plate maxi-gel unit with GRM and cooled gel tank, with built-in cooling coil and quick-fit tubing, lid, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 4 x 1mm thick spacers, 2 x spacer aligners and 2 x 1mm thick 24-sample combs, casting base and 2 x silicone seals; CAPGRM, 10 x 1mm glass capillaries, 4 x 1.5mm thick spacers, 2 x 1.5mm thick 1-D preparatory combs, 10 x blanking ports and 1 x gel extraction platform; plus EBGRM, 2 x electroblotting cassettes and 4 x fibre pads |
Contact Progen Scientific for all accessories or copy of catalogue
TV Modular Electroblotting Systems

The TV modular electroblotting systems provide a complete solution within one gel tank for PAGE and electroblotting. These systems are available in existing TV100, TV200 and TV400 formats, and comprise individual gel-running modules designed specifically for PAGE (GRM) and electroblotting (EBGRM).
Benefits include:
- Plate-electrodes - only 6cm apart - maximise the intensity of the electri field, allowing rapid transfer in as little as 1 hour
- Colour-coded electroblotting cassettes - corresponding to the anode and cathode - ensure that transfer is performed in the correct orientation, while fibre pads compress the gel against the membrane for uniform transfer
- Twin-plate standard GRM - designed specifically for SDS-PAGE techniques requiring self-cast gels, although commercially available 10 x 10cm pre-cast gels may be used in the TV100-GRM
- Casting base and cooling - included as standard - act in tandem with glass plate stops within the GRM to lock the plates firmly in position on the casting base, whereas snap-lock connector allow the cooling coil within the tank to be connected to the JULABO chiller unit for high voltage/current separations
- Colour-coded combs and spacers - available in 1mm thickness
- Nitrocellulose and PVDF membranes available plus SERVA 10 x 10cmprecast gels and blotting buffers
Ordering information:
|
TV100YK- EBSYS |
Twin-plate mini-gel unit with GRM and cooled gel tank, with built-in cooling coil and quick-fit tubing, lid, 2 x (10 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 2 x (10 x 10cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 4 x 1mm thick spacers, 2 x spacer aligners and 2 x 1mm thick 12-sample combs, casting base and 2 x silicone seals; plus EBGRM, 2 x electroblotting cassettes and 4 x fibre pads |
|
TV200YK- EBSYS |
Twin-plate wide format mini-gel unit with GRM and cooled gel tank, with built-in cooling coil and quick-fit tubing, lid, 2 x (20.5 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 2 x (20.5 x 10cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 4 x 1mm thick spacers, 2 x spacer aligners and 2 x 1mm thick 24-sample combs, casting base and 2 x silicone seals; plus EBGRM, 2 x electroblotting cassettes and 4 x fibre pads |
|
TV400YK- EBSYS |
Twin-plate maxi-gel unit with GRM and cooled gel tank, with built-in cooling coil and quick-fit tubing, lid, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 4 x 1mm thick spacers, 2 x spacer aligners and 2 x 1mm thick 24-sample combs, casting base and 2 x silicone seals; plus EBGRM, 2 x electroblotting cassettes and 4 x fibre pads |
Contact Progen Scientific for all accessories or copy of catalogue
TV Modular 2-D Systems

The TV modular 2-D systems provide a complete solution within one gel tank for two-dimensional (2-D electrophoresis. These systems are available in existing TV100, TV200 and TV400 formats and comprise individual gel-running modules designed specifically for denaturing or native PAGE (GRM) and isoelectric focusing (IEF) with capillary gels (CAPGRM).
Benefits include:
- Capillary gels - available in standard 1mm internal diameter for analytical IEF, or as optional 4mm capillaries for protein isolation
- Gel extraction platform (GEP) - for safe and easy collection and transfer of fragile, extruded capillary gels
- Twin-plate standard GRM - designed specifically for SDS-PAGE techniques requiring self-cast gels, although commercially available 10 x 10cm pre-cast gels may be used in the TV100-GRM
- Casting base and cooling - included as standard - act in tandem with glass plate stops within the GRM to lock the plates firmly in position on the casting base, whereas snap-lock connectors allow the cooling coil within the tank to be connected to the JULABO chiller unit for high voltage/current separations
- Colour-coded combs and spacers - available in 1 and 1.5mm thicknesses the latter suited to 1.5mm thick capillary gels for second dimension 2-D electrophoresis
- SERVA ampholytes, 2-D and PAGE chemicals available
Ordering information:
|
TV100YK- 2DSYS |
Twin-plate mini-gel unit with GRM and cooled gel tank, with built-in cooling coil and quick-fit tubing, lid, 2 x (10 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 2 x (10 x 10cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 4 x 1mm thick spacers, 2 x spacer aligners and 2 x 1mm thick 12-sample combs, casting base and 2 x silicone seals; CAPGRM, 10 x 1mm glass capillaries, 4 x 1.5mm thick spacers, 2 x 1.5mm thick 1-D preparatory combs, 10 x blanking ports and 1 x gel extraction platform |
|
TV200YK- 2DSYS |
Twin-plate wide format mini-gel unit with GRM and cooled gel tank, with built-in cooling coil and quick-fit tubing, lid, 2 x (20.5 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 2 x (20.5 x 10cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 4 x 1mm thick spacers, 2 x spacer aligners and 2 x 1mm thick 24-sample combs, casting base and 2 x silicone seals; CAPGRM, 10 x 1mm glass capillaries, 4 x 1.5mm spacers, 2 x 1.5mm thick 1-D preparatory combs, 10 x blanking ports and 1 x gel extraction platform |
|
TV400YK -2DSYS |
Twin-plate maxi-gel unit with GRM and cooled gel tank, with built-in cooling coil and quick-fit tubing, lid, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 4 x 1mm thick spacers, 2 x spacer aligners and 2 x 1mm thick 24-sample combs, casting base and 2 x silicone seals; CAPGRM, 10 x 1mm glass capillaries, 4 x 1.5mm thick spacers, 2 x 1.5mm thick 1-D preparatory combs, 10 x blanking ports and 1 x gel extraction platform |
Contact Progen Scientific for all accessories or copy of catalogue
The TV100YK and TV400YK-2D-IEF-SYS Units: Dedicated 2-D Electrophoresis Systems

Scie-Plas now provide the first of a series of innovative solutions for scientists who prefer the latest advances in IPG (immobilized pH gradient) strip technology to more traditional capillary gels as the first step of 2-D electrophoresis. Their recently improved flatbed
isoelectric focusing system (IEF-SYS) allows 1st dimension 2-D electrophoresis to be performed with multiple IPG strips within the same tank, while 2nd dimension SDS-PAGE is carried out in their existing TV100 and 400 Mini- and Maxi-gel formats
(TV100YK or TV400YK). Scie-Plas offer the complete 2-D electrophoresis system with everything you need for running reproducible 2-D gels.
IEF-SYS FOR THE 1ST DIMENSION

A recently redesigned IEFSYS unit where a maximum of 30 SERVA IPG strips, each 3mm wide and up to 24cm in length, may be run simultaneously on a 27 x 27cm ceramic cooling plate.
Benefits include:
- Glass electrode frame - sits flush with the ceramic cooling plate for optimal cooling efficiency
- Positive and negative electrodes - made from clear acrylic clip neatly within a glass electrode frame that allows the voltage gradient to be fine tuned along the entire length of each IPG strip
- Glass electrode support slab - ensures that the electrodes remain in complete contact with the positive and negative ends of each IPG strip during IEF
FOR THE 2ND DIMENSION

Either the TV100YK twin-plate 10 x 10cm (W x H) mini-gel unit or the TV400YK twin-plate 20.5 x 20cm (W x H) maxi-gel unit

Benefits include:
- Casting & cooling included as standard
- New-style GRM for leak-free casting
- Adaptable either for 1mm or 1.5mm thick gels in the 2nd dimension
-
EV232 High-Voltage 3kV Power Supply
- The Consort EV232 power supply - 3000V, 150mA, 150W
Benefits include:
- Nine different program settings - each with 9 different parameters - allow more complex, multi-step techniques to be programmed and stored, while voltage ramping, automatic crossover and recovery after power failure are included as standard
- High voltage 3kV output - allows desired Volt-hours to be attained faster at maximum voltage during IEF resulting in shorter overall run time
- 4/2MMA adaptors - compatible with the 2mm recessed outputs of the power supply - adapt the 4mm shrouded power connectors of the TV100YK and TV400YK units for lower voltage 2nd dimension SDS-PAGE
JULABO FL300 Chiller
JULABO FL300 Chiller maintains cooling plate temperature during IEF
Benefits include:
- Temperature range: -20 to +40°C
- Can be easily adjusted to +20°C - the ideal temperature for running IPG strips
- Flow rate 15L/min / Maximum pressure 350mbar
Ordering information:
|
TV100YK-2D-IEF-SYS |
Complete systemTV100YK + IEF-SYS + EV232 + JULABO FL300 |
|
TV100YK |
Twin-plate mini-gel unit with PAGE GRM and cooled gel tank, lid, 2 x (10 x 10cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 2 x (10 x 10cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 4 x 1mm spacers, 4 x 1.5mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners, 2 x 1mm thick 1-D combs, 2 x 1.5mm thick 1-D combs, casting base, 2 x silicone seals, 1 x dummy plate, 2 x quick-fit tubes, 2 x 4mm power cables and 2 x 4/2mm power output adaptors |
|
IEF-SYS |
Flat-bed isoelectric focusing unit includes running tank, lid, 1 x ceramic cooling plate, 1 x glass plate, IEF-SYS electrode frame, 1 x anode electrode, 1 x cathode electrode, 1 x glass electrode weight, 2 x quick-fit tubes and 2 x 2mm power cables |
|
EV232 |
Consort EV232 3000V, 150mA, 150W power supply |
|
FL300 |
JULABO chiller FL300 |
|
TV400YK-2D-IEF-SYS |
Complete system TV400YK + IEF-SYS + EV232 + JULABO FL300 |
|
TV400YK |
Twin-plate maxi-gel unit with PAGE GRM and cooled gel tank, lid, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm) notched glass plates, 1 x dummy plate, 4 x 1mm spacers, 4 x 1.5mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners, 2 x 1mm thick 1-D combs, 2 x 1.5mm thick 1-D combs, casting base, 2 x silicone seals, 1 x dummy plate, 2 x quick-fit tubes, 2 x 4mm power cables and 2 x 4/2mm power output adaptors |
|
IEF-SYS |
Flat-bed isoelectric focusing unit includes running tank, lid, 1 x ceramic cooling plate, 1 x glass plate, IEF-SYS electrode frame, 1 x anode electrode, 1 x cathode electrode, 1 x glass electrode weight, 2 x quick-fit tubes and 2 x 2mm power cables |
|
EV232 |
Consort EV232 3000V, 150mA, 150W power supply |
|
FL300 |
JULABO chiller FL300 |
Contact Progen Scientific for all accessories or copy of catalogue
The TV400-DGGE Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis System

The TV400-DGGE denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis system is a cost-effective solution for researchers studying mutations and DNA polymorphisms critical in disease aetiology and genetic diversity. Designed primarily for parallel denaturing gradient gel
electrophoresis (DGGE), where electrophoresis and the denaturing gradient run in the same direction, the TV400-DGGE has a maximum 96-sample throughput compatible with standard microplates and thermal cycler blocks. A 100ml gradient mixer is also included to pour gradient gels using our newly designed gel-running module and cam-caster, while a 400W heater, regulated by an external temperature control unit connected to a heat sensor within the gel tank, allows the gel temperature to be set to the predetermined melting temperature (Tm) of the PCR®- amplified DNA polymorphism or mutation of interest.
Benefits include:
- Maximum 96-sample throughput - using two 48-sample combs - allows samples to be transferred quickly and easily to the each gel from standard 96-well microplates or thermal cycler blocks
- Large format - 20.5 x 20cm glass plates allow gradient gels to be poured containing wider ranges of denaturant concentration, maximising sensitivity and resolution
- 100ml gradient mixer - used with the new style TV400-GRM and casting base to make two 1mm parallel denaturing gradient gels
- SERVA formamide, urea and acrylamide available - to pour denaturing gradient gels
- Can also be adapted for constant denaturing gel electrophoresis (CDGE) - if the denaturant concentration required for partial melting of the DNA target sequence is already known
- 400W heating element - manually controlled by a temperature control unit connected to a PT100 heat sensor - enables the gel and buffer temperature to be set in 1°C increments to a predetermined Tm, to a maximum 70°C
Ordering information:
|
TV400-DGGE |
Twin-plate maxi-gel unit with GRM, heated gel tank with PT100 temperature sensor and thermometer, lid, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm; W x H) plain glass plates, 2 x (20.5 x 20cm) notched glass plates, 4 x 1mm spacers, 2 x spacer aligners and 2 x 1mm thick 24-sample combs, casting base, 2 x silicone seals and 1 x dummy plate; plus GM100 gradient mixer and heat sensor control unit |
Replacement Parts & Accessories
|
TV400-GRM |
1 x TV400 gel-running module |
|
TV400-PG |
2 x (20.5 x 20cm) plain glass plates for TV400 |
|
TV400-NG |
2 x (20.5 x 20cm) notched glass plates for TV400 |
|
TV400-DP |
1 x dummy plate |
|
TV400-S1 |
2 x 1mm thick spacers for TV400 |
|
TV400-SA |
2 x spacer aligners for TV400 |
|
TV400-CB |
1 x cam-pin casting base with 2 silicone seals |
|
TV400-CB-SEALS |
2 x silicone seals for cam-pin casting base |
|
GM100 |
1 x 100ml gradient mixer |
|
TV400-MC2 |
1 x caster system for 2 x (20.5 x 20cm) gradient maxi-gels |
|
TV400-MC10 |
1 x caster system for 10 x (20.5 x 20cm) gradient maxi-gels |
|
PT-0.2 |
2 x 0.2mm thick, platinum electrode wire |
|
CABLE-4 |
2 x 1 metre power leads with shrouded 4mm power output connectors |
Gradient Mixers

Available in 15, 25, 50, 100 and 500ml volumes, Scie-Plas' gradient mixers are ideal for pouring polyacrylamide gradient gels and centrifugation gradients using sucrose or caesium chloride solutions. Each gradient mixer is precision engineered from high quality acrylic plastic and comprises leak-free valves that control mixing between the reservoir and mixing chambers and the resultant output flow.
Benefits include:
- Available in 5 different sizes - for different applications
- GM15 and GM25 - 15 and 25ml volumes for sucrose and caesium chloride gradients; the GM25 can also make two 1mm thick, 10 x 10cm gradient gels in the TV100-MC2 2-gel multicaster
- GM50 - 50ml volume sufficient to pour up to five 1mm thick, 10 x 10cm gradient gels or one standard 1mm thick, 20.5 x 20cm gel using the TV400 casting base
- GM100 - 100ml volume for pouring up to ten 1mm thick, 10 x 10cm gels in the TV100-MC10 10-gel multicaster or two 1mm thick, 20.5 x 20cm gels using the TV400-MC2 2-gel multicaster
- GM500 - 500ml volume suitable for up to ten 1mm thick, 20.5 x 20cm gels in the TV400-MC10 10-gel multicaster
- Reservoir chamber - designed to contain higher percentage acrylamide solution when making gradient gels with the TV100 and TV400 multicasters
- Mixing chamber - each is of sufficient diameter to accommodate a magnetic stirrer to mix lower percentage acrylamide with higher percentage acrylamide from the reservoir chamber
- Valves - control output flow from both the reservoir and mixing chambers
- Flat base - allows each gradient mixer to be placed onto a magnetic stirring plate
- Support rod - secures each gradient mixer to a retort stand
- Can be used in conjunction with the Buffer Recirculation Pump
Ordering Information:
|
Complete System Part Nos. |
|
|
GM15 |
1 x 15ml gradient mixer GM15 |
|
GM25 |
1 x 25ml gradient mixer GM25 |
|
GM50 |
1 x 50ml gradient mixer GM50 |
|
GM100 |
1 x 100ml gradient mixer GM100 |
|
GM500 |
1 x 500ml gradient mixer GM500 |
TV100, TV200 and TV400 Gel Multicasters

Scie-Plas now offers 2 and 10 gel multicasters for use with its 10 x 10cm (W x H) TV100 mini-gel, 20.5 x 10cm TV200 wide format mini-gel and 20.5 x 20cm TV400 maxi-gel units. Gels can be poured either as gradient gels with the hose connected to the
inlet port at the bottom of the front plate, or as standard polyacrylamide gels from the top of the casting chamber using a pipette
Benefits include:
- Available in 6 different formats: -
- TV100-MC2 - casts two 1mm thick, 10 x 10cm standard or gradient mini-gels
- TV100-MC10 - casts up to ten 1mm thick, 10 x 10cm standard or gradient mini-gels
- TV200-MC2 - casts two 1mm thick, 20.5 x 10cm standard or gradient wide format mini-gels
- TV200-MC10 - casts up to ten 1mm thick, 20.5 x 10cm standard or gradient wide format mini-gels
- TV400-MC2 - casts two 1mm thick, 20.5 x 20cm standard or gradient maxi-gels
- TV400-MC10 - casts up to ten 1mm thick, 20.5 x 20cm standard or gradient maxi-gels
- Dovetailed silicone gasket - acts in conjunction with 5 nylon screws to distribute pressure evenly across the glass plates for leak-free casting
- Separation sheets - 1mm thick - for easy separation of each gel cassette after casting and to maintain the correct pressure between the glass plates and the front plate of the casting chamber, ensuring that straight gels, of uniform thickness, are poured
- V-shaped cavity - stabilises the gradient in the bottom of casting chamber
- Inlet ports - maintain the steady flow of acrylamide into the casting unit before polymerization
Ordering information:
|
Complete System Part No. |
|
|
TV100-MC2 |
1 x 2-gel multicaster for 10 x 10cm mini-gels includes 10 x 1mm separation sheets, 2 x 0.4mm spacer aligners and 3mm internal diameter nylon hose |
|
TV100-MC10 |
1 x 10-gel multicaster for 10 x 10cm mini-gels includes 20 x 1mm separation sheets, 2 x 0.4mm spacer aligners and 3mm internal diameter nylon hose |
|
TV200-MC2 |
1 x 2-gel multicaster for 20.5 x 10cm wide format mini-gels includes 10 x 1mm separation sheets, 2 x 0.4mm spacer aligners and 3mm internal diameter nylon hose |
|
TV200-MC10 |
1 x 10-gel multicaster for 20.5 x 10cm wide format mini-gels includes 20 x 1mm separation sheets, 2 x 0.4mm spacer aligners and 6mm internal diameter nylon hose |
|
TV400-MC2 |
1 x 2-gel multicaster for 20.5 x 20cm maxi-gels includes 10 x 1mm separation sheets, 2 x 0.4mm spacer aligners and 3mm internal diameter nylon hose |
|
TV400-MC10 |
1 x 10-gel multicaster for 20.5 x 20cm maxi-gels includes 20 x 1mm separation sheets, 2 x 0.4mm spacer aligners and 6mm internal diameter nylon hose |
Replacement Parts & Accessories
|
TV100-SS |
10 x 1mm separation sheets for TV100-MC2 and TV100-MC10 |
|
TV100-SA |
2 x spacer aligners for TV100 TV100-SA |
|
TV200-SS |
10 x 1mm separation sheets for TV200-MC2 and TV200-MC10 |
|
TV200-SA |
2 x spacer aligners for TV200 |
|
TV400-SS |
10 x 1mm separation sheets for TV400-MC2 and TV400-MC10 |
|
TV400-SA |
2 x spacer aligners for TV400 |




